Off-Grid Hybrid Electrical Generation Systems in Remote Communities: Trends and Characteristics in Sustainability Solutions

The objective of this review is to present the characteristics and trends hybrid renewable energy systems for remote off-grid communities. Traditionally, communities have used diesel oil-based generate electricity. Increased technological options lower costs resulted in adoption energy-based systems. evaluated 168 studies from period 2002–2019 considered developments Asia, northern Europe, Africa South America, with great majority hemisphere (n = 152, 90.5%). Many studied were located tropical (44.1%) subtropical areas (31.0%). Our shows that most approaches combined photovoltaic (PV) wind generators are preferred backup system (61.3%), while batteries method storage (80.4%). Communities far coasts more sources, such as biogas. Although half related access marine-based resources, their use was only referred fifteen studies. In terms trends, show a mature development PV wind-power technology independent latitude, which they proven accessible methods. batteries, given low efficiency intermittent character power.